Saturday, 30 May 2020
Bhagwan Parshuram ( God Parshu Ram )
How can we stop Dowry System and Killing Girl children?
कन्या भ्रूण हत्या से जुड़े तथ्य
- यूनीसेफ (UNICEF) की एक रिपोर्ट के अनुसार भारत में सुनियोजित लिंग-भेद के कारण भारत की जनसंख्या से लगभग 5 करोड़ लड़कियां एवं महिलाएं गायब हैं।
- विश्व के अधिकतर देशों में, प्रति 100 पुरुषों के पीछे लगभग 105 स्त्रियों का जन्म होता है।
- भारत की जनसंख्या में प्रति 100 पुरुषों के पीछे 93 से कम स्त्रियां हैं।
संयुक्त राष्ट्र का कहना है कि भारत में अवैध रूप से अनुमानित तौर पर प्रतिदिन 2,000 अजन्मी कन्याओं का गर्भपात किया जाता है।
छुपे खतरे
संयुक्त राष्ट्र ने चेताया है कि भारत में बढ़ती कन्या भ्रूण हत्या, जनसंख्या से जुड़े संकट उत्पन्न कर सकती है जहां समाज में कम महिलाओं की वज़ह से सेक्स से जुड़ी हिंसा एवं बाल अत्याचार के साथ-साथ पत्नी की दूसरे के साथ हिस्सेदारी में बढ़ोतरी हो सकती है। और फिर यह सामाजिक मूल्यों का पतन कर संकट की स्थिति उत्पन्न कर सकता है।
कारण
लेकिन यह स्त्री-विरोधी नज़रिया किसी भी रूप में गरीब परिवारों तक ही सीमित नहीं है। भेदभाव के पीछे सांस्कृतिक मान्यताओं एवं सामाजिक नियमों का अधिक हाथ होता है। यदि यह प्रथा बन्द करना है तो इन नियमों को ही चुनौती देनी होगी।
भारत में स्त्री को हिकारत से देखने को सामाजिक-आर्थिक कारणों से जोड़ा जा सकता है। भारत में किए गए अध्ययनों ने स्त्री की हिकारत के पीछे तीन कारक दर्शाए हैं, जो हैं- आर्थिक उपयोगिता, सामाजिक-आर्थिक उपयोगिता, एवं धार्मिक कार्य।
- अध्ययन आर्थिक उपयोगिता के बारे में यह इंगित करते हैं कि पुत्रियों की तुलना में पुत्रों द्वारा पुश्तैनी खेत पर काम करने या पारिवारिक व्यवसाय, आय अर्जन या वृद्धावस्था में माता-पिता को सहारा देने की सम्भावना अधिक होती है।
- विवाह होने पर लड़का, एक पुत्रवधू लाकर घर की लक्ष्मी में वृद्धि करता है जो घरेलू कार्य में अतिरिक्त सहायता देती है एवं दहेज के रूप में आर्थिक लाभ पहुंचाती है जबकि पुत्रियां विवाहित होकर चली जाती हैं तथा दहेज के रूप में आर्थिक बोझ होती हैं।
- स्त्री की हिकारत के पीछे सामाजिक-आर्थिक उपयोगिता संबंधी कारक यह है कि चीन की तरह, भारत में, पुरुष संतति एवं पुरुष प्रधान परिवारों के प्रथा यह है कि वंश चलाने के लिए कम से कम एक पुत्र होना अनिवार्य है, एवं कई पुत्र होना परिवारों के ओहदे को अतिरिक्त रूप से बढ़ा देता है।
स्त्री से हिकारत का अंतिम कारक है धार्मिक अवसर, जिनमें हिन्दू परम्पराओं के अनुसार केवल पुत्र ही भाग ले सकते हैं, जैसे कि माता/पिता की मृत्यु होने पर आत्मा की शांति के लिए केवल पुत्र ही मुखाग्नि दे सकता है।
भ्रूण हत्या को रोकने के उपाय और सरकार की पहल
इस कुरीति को समाप्त करने तथा लोगों के दृष्टिकोण में परिवर्तन लाने के लिए सरकार ने कई कदम उठाए हैं। सरकार द्वारा देश में कन्या भ्रूण हत्या रोकने के लिए अपनाई गई बहुआयामी रणनीति इसमें जागरुकता पैदा करने और विधायी उपाय करने के साथ-साथ महिलाओं को सामाजिक-आर्थिक रूप से अधिकार संपन्न बनाने के कार्यक्रम शामिल हैं। इनमें से कुछ उपाय नीचे दिए गए हैः
- गर्भ धारण करने से पहले और बाद में लिंग चयन रोकने और प्रसवपूर्व निदान तकनीक को नियमित करने के लिए सरकार ने एक व्यापक कानून, गर्भधारण से पूर्व और प्रसवपूर्व निदान तकनीक (लिंग चयन पर रोक) कानून 1994 में लागू किया। इसमें 2003 में संशोधन किया गया।
- सरकार इस कानून को प्रभावकारी तरीके से लागू करने में तेजी लाई और उसने विभिन्न नियमों में संशोधन किए जिसमें गैर पंजीकृत मशीनों को सील करने और उन्हें जब्त करने तथा गैर-पंजीकृत क्लीनिकों को दंडित करने के प्रावधान शामिल है। पोर्टेबल अल्ट्रासाउंड उपकरण के इस्तेमाल का नियमन केवल पंजीकृत परिसर के भीतर अधिसूचित किया गया। कोई भी मेडिकल प्रैक्टिशनर एक जिले के भीतर अधिकतम दो अल्ट्रासाउंड केंद्रों पर ही अल्ट्रा सोनोग्राफी कर सकता है। पंजीकरण शुल्क बढ़ाया गया।
- स्वास्थ्य और परिवार कल्याण मंत्रालय द्वारा सभी राज्यों से आग्रह किया गया है कि वे अधिनियम को मजबूती से कार्यान्वित करें और गैर-कानूनी तरीके से लिंग का पता लगाने के तरीके रोकने के लिए कदम उठाएं।
- सभी राज्यों के मुख्यमंत्रियों से आग्रह किया कि वे लिंग अनुपात की प्रवृति को उलट दें और शिक्षा और अधिकारिता पर जोर देकर बालिकाओं की अनदेखी की प्रवृत्ति पर रोक लगाएं।
- स्वास्थ्य परिवार कल्याण मंत्रालय ने राज्यों और संघ राज्य क्षेत्रों से कहा है कि वे इस कानून को गंभीरता से लागू करने पर अधिकतम ध्यान दें।
- पीएनडीटी कानून के अंतर्गत केंद्रीय निगरानी बोर्ड का गठन किया गया और इसकी नियमित बैठकें कराई जा रही हैं।
- वेबसाइटों पर लिंग चयन के विज्ञापन रोकने के लिए यह मामला संचार एवं सूचना प्रौद्योगिकी मंत्रालय के समक्ष उठाया गया।
- राष्ट्रीय निरीक्षण और निगरानी समिति का पुनर्गठन किया गया और अल्ट्रा साउंड निदान सुविधाएं के निरीक्षण में तेजी लाई गई। बिहार, छत्तीसगढ़, दिल्ली, हरियाणा, मध्य प्रदेश, महाराष्ट्र, उड़ीसा, पंजाब, उत्तराखंड, राजस्थान, गुजरात और उत्तर प्रदेश में निगरानी का कार्य किया गया।
- राष्ट्रीय ग्रामीण स्वास्थ्य मिशन के अंतर्गत कानून के कार्यान्वयन के लिए सरकार सूचना, शिक्षा और संचार अभियान के लिए राज्यों और संघ राज्य क्षेत्रों को वित्तीय सहायता दे रही है।
- राज्यों को सलाह दी गई है कि इसके कारणों का पता लगाने के लिए कम लिंग अनुपात वाले जिलों/ब्लाकों/गांवों पर विशेष ध्यान दें, उपयुक्त व्यवहार परिवर्तन संपर्क अभियान तैयार करे और पीसी और पीएनडीटी कानून के प्रावधानों को प्रभावकारी तरीके से लागू करे।
- धार्मिक नेता और महिलाएं लिंग अनुपात और लड़कियों के साथ भेदभाव के खिलाफ चलाए जा रहे अभियान में शामिल हैं।
भारत सरकार और अनेक राज्य सरकारों ने समाज में लड़कियों और महिलाओं की स्थिति सुधारने के लिए विशेष योजनाएं लागू की गई हैं। इसमें धनलक्ष्मी जैसी योजना शामिल है।
अट्टा-सट्टा atta satta अदला बदली Sister Exchange Marriage
बहन देकर लाओ बहू
दरअसल आगरा में एक तो लड़कियों की संख्या कम, उपर से लड़कियां पढी लिखी हैं । अब ऐसे में यदि लड़का सरकारी नौकरी में लग गया तो उसकी शादी में तो कोई समस्या नहीं आती लेकिन यदि बेरोजगार है तो उसके लिए मां-बाप को दीपक लेकर खोजने पर भी बहू नहीं मिलती । अब ऐसे में अपने ही जैसे बेरोजगार लड़के वाले किसी अन्य परिवार से एक समझौता किया जाता है कि आपकी लड़की हमारे लड़के को ब्याह दो और हमारी लड़की से आपके लड़के की शादी कर देते हैं । इसे ही स्थानीय भाषा में अट्टा-सट्टा कहते हैं । हालांकि यह चलन पहले भी था लेकिन तब आर्थिक व सामाजिक रूप से कमजोर जातियों में ही प्रचलित था । अब तो बडे़-बडे़ घ्ररों में यह समस्या आ रही है और इसलिए यह अट्टा-सट्टा शब्द ज्यादा ही प्रचलन में आ गया है ।
नहीं करते बेटी की शादी
परम्परागत रूप से पश्चिमी उत्तरप्रदेश में यदि शादी लायक लड़की घर में हो तो पहले उसका ही ब्याह किया जाता है लेकिन अब उल्टा होने लगा है । लोगों को डर सताता है कि यदि बेटी पहले ब्याह दी और लड़का बेरोजगार रह गया तो फिर उनके बेटे को बहू नहीं मिल पाएगी । उनको डर रहता है कि लड़की की शादी पहले कर दी तो अट्टा-सट्टा का विकल्प भी नहीं रह जाएगा ।
Human trafficking caters to demand for brides
A field study in Haryana found that over 9,000 married women were bought from other states
Haryana- Last year, she was raped by someone she called mausa (uncle) in front of and on the bed of a woman she called mausi (aunt). Then, the mausa sold her off as a bride to a 45-year-old widower, father of a three-year-old, in Haryana. Price of the exchange: ₹70,000.
Haryana, with the country’s worst sex ratio of 879 girls to 1,000 boys, now has to increasingly import brides from poverty-stricken states such as Assam, West Bengal, Jharkhand and Odisha. It’s the same story in Punjab and Uttar Pradesh where female foeticide is high and the sex ratio skewed. According to the 2013 National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) report, 24,749 children and women between the ages of 15 and 30 were kidnapped and sold into marriage across the country.
Hundreds of girls and young women are sold into forced marriages in northern India, finds a report by the non-governmental organization (NGO) Shakti Vahini. “They are bartered at prices that vary depending on their age, beauty and virginity, and exploited under conditions that amount to a modern form of slavery," the report states.
A field study on the impact of the sex ratio on marriage by NGO Drishti Stree Adhyayan Prabodhan Kendra that covered over 10,000 households in Haryana found that over 9,000 married women were bought from other states. The study, which covered 92 villages of Mahendragarh, Sirsa, Karnal, Sonepat and Mewat districts, said that most people accepted this as a common practice, even though they personally denied having purchased a bride in their family.
With its blend of poverty, illiteracy, naiveté, trust and betrayal, the story of this family in North Bengal is being repeated in countless villages across India. An old, ailing mother, an estranged son, a 23-year-old illiterate, unmarried daughter, another daughter, and a deaf and mute son—the family’s sole breadwinner making no more than₹ 80 a day by working in a tea plantation.
Most households in the Darjeeling hills and the Dooars-Terai region located in the foothills of the Himalayas depend on the 300-odd plantations located here. In the late 1990s, when tea leaf prices dropped, many owners cut wages and, in some cases, abandoned their plantations altogether. By 2003-04, many tea estates had shut down. Newspapers reported starvation deaths; according to The Times of India, nearly 100 people have died of starvation and acute malnutrition in the five gardens closed in the Dooars since January last year. Five died in June alone.
Tall with sharp features and long hair, the 23-year-old lives in a village in Banarhat, nearly 95km from Siliguri. She walks with difficulty and complains of soreness and a constant stomach ache. The weakness caused by malnutrition is evident. Those who could afford to migrate did. But for this family with its physically disabled son, migration was not an option and so they stayed on, even though there were days when the chulha (cook stove) could not be lit.
The so-called mausa, Rajendra Pal, lived next door. Originally from Haryana, he had married the teenager’s neighbour by hiding the fact of his previous marriages.
It was Rajendra Pal who suggested the family make a trip to Haryana to see a famous godman who, he claimed, would cure them of their chronic problems. He even offered to pay for their travel.
The girl was reluctant. “I kept saying I am a woman. They wouldn’t do anything to my mother. They couldn’t have taken anything from my brother. But I am a woman. They can do anything they want to with me, and I will be ruined for life," she says she told her mother.
But Rajendra Pal persisted. She was like his daughter, he said. Just stepping into the godman’s ashram would cure her problems. Why, the godman had even healed mausa’s leg after an accident, he said.
The family relented. “The problem with us poor people is that we trust very easily, and we trust everyone," says the 23-year-old’s elder sister. Three days after they reached Haryana, mausa locked the girl’s mother and brother in a room and raped the 23-year-old.
“Mausi was watching and kept asking me not to cry. Let him do what he wants. He is your mausa," the girl says.
Two days later, Pal sold her to a 45-year-old resident of Kheri Mansingh village in Karnal district of Haryana and married the two off in his lawn. He told the girl he would kill her if she tried to run away.
There was nowhere to run to. Once, she said, she hid in a maize field for close to 24 hours, hungry and thirsty and soaked in sludge till her waist. She thought she had escaped till they found her again.
“I had to do all the household chores—cleaning the house, cooking, rearing the cattle and a horse—and still they kept complaining," she says.
Brides for sale
Large-scale bride trafficking has been taking place in Haryana, Punjab and other low-sex-ratio states for over two decades, say NGOs. Even if the Haryana government ensures that not a single sex-determination test or sex-selective abortion takes place, demographers believe it will take 50 years for the population to stabilize and return to its natural ratio. The challenge before not just Haryana but also western Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Rajasthan is to ensure that bride demand is not catered through human trafficking. “The governments in these regions should ensure legislations which protect the rights of women and children," the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)’s anti-trafficking report released in 2013 states.
Many men in Haryana, however, claim that the shortage of brides is not caused by the skewed sex ratio as much as the rising levels in women’s education.“Women here study much more than men do. And she obviously will want to marry a man who has studied at least as much as she has, if not more. This is making it increasingly difficult for lesser educated men to find brides," says Vinod Bala Dhankar, a social activist and woman khap leader based in Jhajjar district of Haryana.
Moreover, bringing in a molki, or purchased bride, actually works out cheaper. “Even if you are poor, you would give a bride from Haryana gold worth at least ₹ 1.5 lakh plus clothes and other gifts. But for a molki you only pay for a mangalsutra and a gold ring," says Dhankar.
Strict caste and marriage rules among the Jats of Haryana also place restrictions on marriages between two people from within the same gotra, same village or even adjoining villages. This, too, limits the options before the state’s marriageable men.
Faced with these limitations, organized groups of unmarried youth have sprung up in the state with famous slogans such as bahu-dilao-vote-lo (brides-for-votes). The Kunwara Union (Unmarried Youth Organization) was founded five years ago by social activist Pawan Kumar. A similar outfit, Avivahit Purush Sangthan (Unmarried Union), was set up by Bibipoor village panchayat head Sunil Jaglan to look into the issue of gender imbalance caused by female foeticide.
Dhakla village in Haryana’s Jhajjar district has a population of nearly 4,000 people. A narrow, dusty, single lane leads to Rekha’s house. She has tied a dupatta around her head in the form of a bandana, and speaks Haryanavi as fluently and with as much confidence as the locals. In 2007, she came to Sonepat from North Bengal, after her cousin invited her to visit. The day she arrived, she was sold off for ₹ 50,000.
But Rekha bursts into laughter at the suggestion that she was sold. “I don’t want to think of what happened. Probably I wouldn’t have had such a happy life if I was still with my family. We were very poor," she says.
Just half a mile from Rekha’s house lives another woman, nearly 30 years old. Five years ago, her sister sold her off to a man who had two brothers, one older and one younger. The two brothers have decided not to marry. The woman, who does not want to be named, says her husband beats her up almost every night and has asked her more than once to leave.
Worse, within a month of her marriage, the elder brother tried to rape her. Just last month, he sexually assaulted her again, she says. Even the younger brother has assaulted her twice.
“The scarcity of women has been there for long. But earlier, if a family had four brothers, they would just get one woman and she would take care of everyone and everything," says Om Parkash Dhankar, Sarv Khap Panchayat coordinator in Haryana.
Since the women are “purchased", men think they can do whatever they want to with them. “In the beginning, brides were imported from adjoining regions like Ganganagar and Rajasthan’s Alwar area, but slowly women were brought from West Bengal, Assam and such states," says Rakesh Senger from NGO Bachpan Bachao Andolan. “These women do not go back to their native places and so their husbands do not feel accountable to anyone. They think they can do anything with them and no one will question them. Because they have purchased them, these women serve both as sex slaves as well as labour slaves for these men."
Recently, the Bharatiya Janata Party’s National Kisan Morcha president O.P. Dhankar stoked a controversy by saying his party would get girls from Bihar for the unmarried young men of Haryana. More than a month after his controversial statement, Dhankar says: “We cannot stop migration. What we should look for is ways to legalize this process. I think both the source and the destination states should make it mandatory to register these inter-state marriages."
On September 16 last year, when the 23-year-old was working in the kitchen, she heard someone shout her name. It was her sister accompanied by Haryana Police and NGO Shakti Vahini. When the villagers learned about the joint rescue operation, a huge crowd gathered around her house with knives and sticks, shouting that they wouldn’t let anyone take their bride away as they had paid for her and she was their property.
Under police protection, the 23-year-old was brought to the local thana. “Finally I was free. It felt like nothing worse could happen to me any more," she says.
And then a pregnancy test confirmed that she was pregnant. The child, she says, is Pal’s, who is now out on bail. Even though nothing legally stops an investigating officer from conducting an investigation anywhere in the country, Pal has relocated to West Bengal, out of the reach of Haryana Police.
“They forced us to withdraw the case against Pal’s wife by emotionally blackmailing us, saying she has a small child," the 23-year-old’s elder sister says. “But my sister’s life is ruined. Nothing happened to the people who did this to her. When an item in the market is damaged or has some flaw, no one wants it...there are no buyers."
ब्राह्मण
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